Object oriented languages like C# and Java use method dispatching techniques to select a concrete method to invoke when given a polymorphic type. By far the most common technique is the virtual method table , or vtable for short. Long ago I had updated the above Wikipedia page with information regarding alternative dispatch techniques. Research published a few years back indicated that dispatching through a vtable incurred astonishing overheads, as high as 50% of total execution time. Alternative dispatch techniques based on runtime tests, such as a linear sequence of if statements checking for the various concrete class types, or a sequence of nested if statements forming a binary search, were often more efficient on a variety of hardware. Vtables are rather flexible however, and the composition of a number of vtables can encode a variety of advanced dispatching behaviour. The .NET CLR utilizes vtables, and I've sketched out rough encodings of first-class functions, algebraic data